The US says that China has expanded its programme of land reclamation in the South China Sea.
US officials say China has reclaimed 810 hectares (2,000 acres) since the beginning of 2014.
China claims almost the whole of the South China Sea, resulting in overlapping claims with its neighbours.
Other countries accuse China of illegally taking land to create artificial islands with facilities that could potentially be for military use.
China says its work is legal and needed to safeguard its sovereignty.
In a report, the Pentagon said that China had reclaimed 200 hectares (500 acres) in 2014 at five of its outposts in the Spratly Islands.
US officials say that another 610 (1,500 acres) have been reclaimed since then.
The report says the "ultimate purpose of the expansion projects remains unclear" but suggests the possibility that "China is attempting to change facts on the ground by improving its defence infrastructure in the South China Sea".
Also on Friday, a US think tank said that Vietnam had added eight hectares (21 acres) to its own land reclamation projects in the same group of islands.
The Center for Strategic and International Studies said that the activity was in the Vietnamese-controlled Sandy Cay and West London Reef.
The think tank said that the activity appeared to include military installations.
Last week, south-east Asian leaders said at a summit that land reclamation projects in the South China Sea risk were undermining regional peace.
